Antifungal Properties of Extracts of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Subsp. fistulosa Against some Vegetable Pathogenic Fungi

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) extracts were tested using the well in agar method against Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer to find out their antifungal activity. Chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of leaf, stem


Introduction
The plant Ipomoea carnea Jacq.subsp.fistulosa has been found widely distributed as an living fence or hedge plant.It is escaped cultivation and established itself as a weed in cultivated fields, such as rice plantations.It is invasive and naturalised primarily in disturbed sites, riparian areas and wetlands.It has the potential to outcompete native plants because it is a fierce competitor for resources (such nutrients and water).The species has a noxious weed category. 1Many of tropical medicinal and aromatic plants have been shows to have notable antifungal and antibacterial activity and because they are natural origin, almost all of which are used by humans, there is nothing much side effects or toxicity even at extremely high level application. 2 very well-known examples are Neem (Azadirachta indica) 3 and Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus).4 The harmful effect of synthetic chemicals can only be solved through an uninterrupted search for new and safer pesticides, combined with widespread usage of eco-friendly and effective pest control methods. 5Different plant parts like stem and stem bark are known to have potential antibacterial activities.The antifungal properties of the stem and its bark extracts have been seen by several researchers.[8][9][10][11] In comparison to synthetic pesticides, plant metabolites and plant-based insecticides are known to have less of an adverse effect on the environment and shows minimum risks to consumers.3][14][15] It seems promising to use plant metabolites to safeguard crops and stop biodeterioration brought on by fungi.In consideration of these, the author tested a few extracts for their ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi that affect vegetables, and the results are described in this work.

Isolation of Pathogenic Fungus
Pathogenic fungus were isolated from infected plant host and grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium.Pure cultures of each fungus have been grown independently on PDA slants from identified pathogenic fungus cultures.Further research was conducted using these pure cultures.
It was confirmed by comprising with an authentic specimen in laboratory.A voucher specimen of the plant was deposited in the Departmental herbarium for future reference.The collected plant material cleansed with tap water in-depth before being rinsed with sterile distilled water.With the help of sharp knife, the bark from stem and root was collected; the collected material were put to shade-dried and grounded in an electric mixer to make fine powder.Air tight polythene bags were used to store the fine powder of various parts.Further extraction was performed using this stock powder.

Preparation of Various Extracts
Different solvent systems, such as distilled water, alcohol and chloroform, were used to prepare the extracts.100 ml of the abovementioned solvent was used to dissolve 100 g of each type of powder.The three-layered filter paper was used to filter it.From this stock, various concentration levels (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) were produced.This was saved as a stock solution.The solvent system in use served as the control.These different concentrations were used to biocide the pathogen that causes fungus.The extract's bio-efficacy was evaluated in vitro using the well-in-agar diffusion method. 16ll-in-agar Method For even dispersion of the spores, a loopful of the test organism from the inoculums suspension was spread evenly on the solidified sterile culture media in the petridishes.A 0.5 cm well was formed in the media using a sterile cork borer, and known amounts of plant extract were placed inside each well to allow for diffusion of the extract into the media.The petridishes were incubated for 24 hours at a temperature of 30±2°C and the measurements of the inhibitory zone's diameter in millimeters were taken.In all of the studies, a well in an agar plate was filled with sterile distilled water and solvent as a control.Each experiment was performed in triplicate, and the mean was taken into account in the observation table.

Results and Discussions Results of I. carnea subsp. fistulosa extracts against vegetable pathogenic F. oxysporum and R. stolonifer (Table 1)
In 100% concertation of leaf extract in alcohol showed maximum inhibition values of 21.23 mm and 20.9 mm for F. oxysporum and R. stolonifer compared to 19.2 mm and 18.25 mm for chloroform extract and 19.90 mm and 14.3 mm for aqueous extract.At concentration of 25% aqueous extract, the minimal inhibition by leaf extract was 5.1 mm for F. oxysporum while 6.5 mm is for R. stolonifer.
The highest 20.6 mm and 20.1 mm inhibition for R. stolonifer and F. oxysporum were obtained by the stem bark alcoholic extract at a concentration of 100%, but the findings for the chloroform and aqueous extracts were in decreasing order.At a concentration of 25% aqueous extract, the minimum inhibitory effect of stem bark extract was measured to be 6.1 mm for F. oxysporum and 7.2 mm for R. stolonifer.The highest 13.5 mm and 12.3 mm inhibition for R. stolonifer and F. oxysporum were shown by the alcoholic root bark extract at a concentration of 100%, but the findings for the chloroform and aqueous extracts were in decreasing order.At a concentration of 25% aqueous extract, the minimum inhibitory effect of root bark extract was measured to be 4.6 mm for F. oxysporum and 4.2 mm for R. stolonifer.
The leaves alcoholic extract exhibited the greatest activity against the test fungus, but the root aqueous extract showed the least activity.All of the test organisms' radial growth was found to be inhibited by the extracts when added to the culture medium.Although the test organisms responded differently to each extract, overall growth inhibition became more pronounced as extract concentration increased.The antifungal activity was shown to be in ascending sequence, i.e., root, stem bark and leaves.The antifungal properties and phytochemical analysis of Ocimum gratissimum L. extracts. 24][27][28] Therefore, as a first step in the order to explore the relationship, it is necessary to look for alternative techniques to taking things into consideration.

Conclusion
A study was conducted to assess the antifungal effects of Ipomoea carnea extracts on vegetable pathogenic F. oxysporum and R. stolonifera using the well in agar technique.Chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of leaf, stem, and root bark were used in the in vitro investigations.The alcoholic leaf extract displayed the highest level of activity against the test fungus, whereas the aqueous root extract displayed the lowest level of activity.All of the test organisms' radial growth was found to be inhibited by the extracts when added to the culture medium.
Although the test organisms reacted differently to each extract, overall growth inhibition became more pronounced as extract concentration increased.

Table 1 : Effect of I. carnea subsp. fistulosa extract on vegetable pathogenic fungi
22ssia fistula extracts and bioactivity assisted in the isolation and identification of an antifungal agent.22Achyranthesasperacould have antibacterial and antifungal properties, according toLondonkar et al., 2011. 23 21Priya et al. (2010) investigated the antifungal properties of various