Effect of Rooting Media on Rooting Potential of Phalsa (Grewia asiatica l.) Stem Cuttings at Different Planting Dates

Introduction

Phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) is a commercially nutritional promising berry of family Tiliaceae . It is still considered as an underutilized fruit crop acquiring the  chromosomal status of 2n = 18¹. It is a minor fruit crop native to south Asia widely confined to tropical and subtropical regions. Phalsa is a fruit packed with nutritional attributes. The fruits are reported to have anti-diabetic, anti-hyperglycemic, radioprotective, antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-fungal, analgesic , antioxidant, anticancerous and anti-viral effects².  In India Although phalsa is propagated through seed but due to its long juvenile  phase its multiplication through hardwood cuttings is also possible. The findings of³ revealed that the time of cutting preparation in phalsa greatly affected the root initiation and the prevailing environment and nutrient availability shows variation in the rooting success survival percentage of cuttings⁴ . Studies on the effect of season on rooting of stem cuttings have also been conducted in various plant species⁵ .Rooting media plays an  integral part in the plant propagation creating  a suitable environment, acts as a reservoir for plant nutrients, hold plant available water and provide a means for gaseous exchange and good anchorage for the plants resulting in the successful root production⁶. However, the research results related to phalsa cuttings have not yet produced a media composition that can accelerate the multiplication process which necessitates its further studies. Hence, the present research was undertaken with an objective to study the effect of rooting medium and planting time on the performance of phalsa cuttings under sub tropical conditions.

Materials used and Methodology

Cutting procurement and their planting

Hardwood cuttings of phalsa 20 cm long were collected from 4 to 5 year old plants and were planted in the polybags of size of 16×10 inches filled with  four rooting media (R₁– Canadian peat moss, sterilized river sand and soil (3mix) (1:1:1) (v/v/v) ;  R₂– Fermented pine bark and sterilized river sand (Bark mix) (1:1) (v/v) ;  R₃– Soil  and sterilized river sand (Peat mix) (2:1) (v/v)  ; R₄– Soil (Control)  and planted at the three timings (T₁– Last week of June ; T₂– Last week of July ; T₃– Last week of August ) times comprising of twenty treatment combinations. During plantation, 8 x 8 inch sized were filled with the respective rooting media with holes on the bottom and sides of polythene bags for drainage of water. The cuttings were planted on the prescribed planting timings with 2/3^rd length of the cuttings buried in the media, leaving 1/3rd part exposed to the environment.

Methodology

Number of days to sprouting were recorded by observing daily and calculating their mean. Sprouting per cent was calculated at 30 DAP (Days after planting) by dividing number of sprouted cuttings by total cuttings planted  multiplied by 100. Survival percentage was worked out by dividing survived cuttings by total planted ones and their percentage was taken. Total number of shoots formed were calculated per plant for all the five selected and later on averaged. Shoot fresh weight was taken on electronic balance with average calculated in grams. Using destructive method all the five tagged shoots were collected and placed in paper bags and were dried in oven at 60° C till constant weight for calculation in grams of shoot dry weight. Roots arising from the base of the cuttings were counted. Root length was measured from the base to growing tip of root in centimetres with the help of scale and later on averaged.

Data Collection and Statistical Analysis

Data on sprouting and growth parameters of cuttings were analysed were calculated and processed in MS-Excel. The statistical analysis of data which comprised of 20 treatment combinations with three replications were analyzed by Factorial Randomized Block Design (p≤0.05) using R software. 4.1.1. Test of least significance was calculated at the 5% level of significance.

Results and Discussion

Days to sprouting

The earlier sprouting (4.74 days) was reported in the cuttings planted in the last week of July followed by August planting commencing 5.58 days while the sprouting was late within (6.63 days) in the cuttings planted in last week of June. Planting time in phalsa cuttings play a significant role in the sprouting. Variation in planting time exhibits variation according to various places and their environmental condition. Monsoon planting time initiated earlier sprouting due to the higher humidity⁷. The research findings of³ revealed earlier sprouting of phalsa cuttings in July. The results of⁸ also reported earlier sprouting of phalsa cuttings in the month of August. Among various rooting media the mixture of soil and sterilized river sand initiated earlier (4.21 days) sprouting followed by 5.78 days in the cuttings under mixture of Canadian peat moss, sand and soil. The cuttings planted under the fermented pine bark and sterilized river sand sprouted late within (6.49 days). Rooting media of soil and sand initiated earlier germination as the sand when added to soil facilitated proper drainage and aeration for gaseous exchange⁹. The interaction between planting time and rooting media showed that the treatment combination T₃R₄ (August planting in soil) resulted in earlier sprouting (4.03 days) while T₁R₄ (June planting in soil) sprouted late.

Sprouting percent

Maximum (61.35 %) sprouting of cuttings was noticed in the planting time of June which reduced to a greater extent (8.91 %) in the August planting and further (5.24 %) in July planting time of cuttings. The increased sprouting in June might be due to the several factors such as temperature, humidity, light and nutrient availability to cuttings which served as the favourable conditions to enhance the percentage of sprouted cuttings¹⁰. According to⁴ buds start to force out in the rainy season which acts as an optimal period for rooting of many species for maximizing the sprouting. The cuttings planted in only soil resulted in the maximum (30.22 %) followed by the media mixture of fermented pine bark and river sand while the least sprouting (21.78 %) was reported from the cuttings planted in the media mixture of Canadian peat moss, sterilized river sand and soil. Increased sprouting might be due to increased aeration and drainage leading to increased porosity that promotes root growth and development, also that nutrients in the soils are mostly found at top soil. According to¹¹ top soil supported the sprouting percentage of cuttings probably due to the high level of moisture content of the soils. Interaction of planting time and rooting media exerted significant variations with maximum (70.47 %) sprouting in the treatment combination of T_IR₄ (June planting of cuttings in soil) while the lowest (4.83 %) was generated from T₃R₃(August planting under soil and river sand mixture).

Survival per cent

Maximum plant survival (32.79 %) was observed in the cuttings planted on last week of July whereas (26.35 %) plant survival was witnessed in the cuttings planted on last week of June. The cuttings planted on the last week of August sprouted but did not survive at all. Augmentation of cell elongation and division in appropriate environmental conditions pertaining to light, temperature and nutrient availability to the rooting led to the maximum survival percentage of cuttings¹².Better partitioning coefficient in cuttings was observed higher when planted on 30^th July planting time¹³.  No survival of phalsa cuttings in the month of August might be due to the high humidity along with the excess of rain but these results are in contradiction to the findings of ¹⁴ who recorded that the maximum survival percentage of cuttings in phalsa recorded under August planting time. Among the various rooting media maximum survival (42.55 %) was noted in R₁ (Canadian peat moss+ sterilized river sand +soil) followed by a huge reduction in R₃ (Soil+sterilized river sand) and R₂(Fermented pine bark+ sterilized river sand) with 15.82 and 13.02 per cent while minimum survival (8.53 %) was found in the cuttings planted in R₄ (Soil). Various factors such as oxygen, water and nutrient availability interacts within a growth medium affects the survival^{15 6}. The success in survival with Canadian peat moss+ sterilized river sand +soil could be attributed to the positive interaction of aeration and water-holding capacity creating a well balance of oxygen and water-holding capacity thus promoting oxygen availability, transpiration, nutrient uptake, growth and aeration resulted in better survival as compared to other rooting media¹⁶. Also, the fine-texture and small pores in peat moss when combined with river sand created a good aerated environment which might have increased respiration at the base of the cuttings thus increasing the survival rate¹⁷. Significant interaction was noticed among the treatment combination of planting time and rooting media with maximum (99.67%) survival in T₂R₁ (July planting in Canadian peat moss+ sterilized river sand +soil) while no survival was reported in T₂R₃ (July planting in soil + sterilized river sand) and in the August planting under all the rooting media.

Shoots per cutting

Maximum shoot formation (1.00) was registered in the cuttings from the June planting than July planting with (0.94) shoots respectively. The cuttings planted in August failed to survive hence no data can be generated from it. The prevailing congenial environmental conditions in terms of temperature and humid sunny days might have influenced the vegetative growth as well as the emergence of a higher number of shoots per plant¹⁸. The research findings of¹⁹also reported the same in phalsa cuttings. The research outcome of non formation of shoots due to failure of survival in August planting cuttings are in contradiction with the findings of²⁰ who showed the highest shoot development in the cuttings of phalsa when planted in the month of August²¹. Fermented pine bark when mixed with sterilized river sand (Bark mix 1:1) produced the plants with more ( 0.91) shoots followed with a slight difference (0.89 and 0.88) shoot production from the cuttings planted in only soil and Canadian peat moss mixed with river sand and soil . The least (0.84) shoots were generated from the cuttings planted in media mixture of soil and sand. (Figure-1).  The increased vegetative properties was noticed when sand was used with the pine bark the content of nitrogen, carbon and C/N % was increased due to the good content of C and N in their content of chemical compounds might be the reason for greater shoot formation²². The interaction effect of planting time and rooting media cannot show variation among them regarding shoot formation except the August planting cuttings which due to non  survival did not form any shoot.

Shoot fresh weight per cutting (g)

Maximum fresh shoot weight (0.94 g) was observed in the cuttings planted on the last week of June followed in a decreasing trend attaining (0.63 g) in the cuttings of July plantation. Due to the failure of cuttings in the August planting data on shoot fresh weight could not be generated. The best performance in terms of shoot fresh weight might be due to the congenial environmental conditions assuring the proper hydrolysis of enzymes and allowing the availability of efficient supply of nutrients leading to vigorous growth with higher shoot weight¹¹. The rooting media mixture of Canadian peat moss in combination with river sand and soil resulted in the production of the heaviest shoots (1.03 g) with reduction in other media being the lightest (0.54 g) shoots produced in the cuttings planted only in the soil. Superiority of Canadian peat moss can be attributed to high cation exchange capacity and appropriate moisture holding capacity of the medium²¹. The suitability of physical and chemical characteristics pertaining to density, porosity, air capacity, pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity and carbon to nitrogen ratio peat is a suitable medium for planting most horticultural species as reported by²³ .The treatment combination registered significant variation with the heaviest (1.24 g) shoots in T₁ R₁ (June planting under Canadian peat moss in combination with river sand and soil) whereas the lightest (0.29 g) shoots were from the plants under T₂R₄ (July planting under only soil).

Shoot dry weight (g)

It is evident from the data that June planting of cuttings produced the shoots with higher (0.42 g) dry weight whereas, the minimum (0.21 g) shoot dry weight was obtained under the July planting time. No data generation in August planting time due to the failure of cuttings. The favourable environmental conditions producing vigorous growth of the shoots might be responsible for higher dry matter in them⁴. Regarding the rooting media Canadian peat moss, sterilized river sand and soil (3mix) (1:1:1) (v/v/v) sterilized river sand and soil resulted in the highest (0.60 g) dry matter content followed by (0.44g) in the media mixture of fermented pine bark and sterilized river sand (Bark mix) (1:1) (v/v) with the lowest (0.27 g) from the cuttings planted in the only soil. The increase in photosynthetic rate with increasing moisture and chlorophyll content was translated into plant growth²¹. This was probably the reason why the sole top soil and river sand treatments with higher photosynthetic efficiency resulted in seedlings that had larger stem volumes, indicating better dry matter production and accumulation^{22 23} . The highest (0.37g) dry matter was noticed in the treatment combination 0f T₁ R₃ (June planting under river sand and soil) whereas the lowest (0.11 g) shoot dry weight was from the plants under T₂R₄ (July planting under only soil).

Number of leaves per cutting

On comparing the data for different cuttings it is clear that the more (6.92) leaves were produced in the cuttings planted in the last month of June while the lesser (3.42) were counted from the cuttings of July planting. Data from August planting cannot be generated due to the failure of the cuttings to survive. Increased leaf production by plants raised through cuttings planted in the last week of June can be attributed to maximum aerial as well as underground growth acquired by the cuttings resulting in more uptake of nutrients and accumulation of photosynthates due to the favorable environment which aids in the contribution to the vigorous growth with more leaves²⁴. Regarding rooting media fermented pine bark when mixed with sterilized river sand (Bark mix 1:1) resulted in the raised plants with maximum (4.83) leaves following a decreasing trend (4.11 and 2.96 ) in the plants from the cuttings planted in only soil and Canadian peat moss mixed with river sand and soil. Lesser (2.88) leaf production were from the plants generated from the cuttings planted in the media mixture of soil and sterilized river sand. Increase in the content of chemical compounds pertaining to nitrogen, carbon and C/N % I along with ideal air filled porosity in the media mixture of pine bark and sterilized river sand might have contributed to the vigorous plant growth with a good leaf production¹⁷.With significant variation among the treatment combination maximum leaf formation (8.83) leaves were produced in T₁R₂ (June planting under fermented pine.

Roots per cutting

Maximum number of roots (6.83) was counted in the plants raised from the cuttings planted on last week of June while lesser (3.52) root production was witnessed in cuttings of July planting. The data on root formation through August planting time cannot be presented due to the failure of their survival. Divergence in rooting is due to the environmental circumstances. Congenial prevailing environmental conditions might be the reason for more root production during June⁴. The studies of²⁴ revealed the increased rooting in the rainy season months. The research outcome of the present investigation regarding failure of the cuttings and absence of roots from the August planting time is in contradiction with the findings of⁸ who reported that the phalsa cuttings enhanced rooting percentage observed in the period of mid-August. In context to the rooting media maximum (4.14) roots were produced from R₁ (Canadian peat moss+ sterilized river sand +soil) followed by a reduction in R₂ (Fermented pine bark+ sterilized river sand) with 4.05 roots while lesser (2.59) were from the cuttings planted in R₃ (Soil and sterilized river sand). Due to the adequate physical and chemical characteristics pertaining to density, porosity, air capacity, water holding capacity, pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity and carbon to nitrogen ratio, peat might have acted as a suitable medium along with river sand and soil for enhanced root formation²⁰.Significant interaction was registered among the treatment combination of planting time and rooting media with maximum (7.33) root formation in T₁R₁ (June planting in Canadian peat moss+ sterilized river sand +soil) while no rooting was reported in the combination of August planting cuttings under all the rooting media used in the research study.

Root length (cm)

The maximum (20.41 cm) of average root length per cutting was found in the June planting time followed by a reduction indicating (11.25 cm) in July planting time. The data regarding planting time of August did not predict any data due to failure of cuttings. The favourable environmental conditions in terms of suitable temperature, humidity, sunshine and adequate aeration in the month of June might have helped in the better absorption of water by root, which subsequently increase in length^{22. .}The cuttings planted in only soil produced the longest (17.39 cm) roots followed by (10.79 cm) under the fermented pine bark when mixed with sterilized river sand (Bark mix 1:1). The shortest (6.51 cm) roots were produced from the cuttings planted in Canadian peat moss mixed with soil and river sand. Interaction of time of planting and treatments was found to be significant. Longest root (28.90 cm) was reported from the treatment combination T₁R₄ (June planting under only soil) while the shortest (10.27 cm) roots were from T₁R₁ (June planting in Canadian peat moss mixed with soil and river sand.

Table 1: Effect of rooting media on sprouting and survival in phalsa cuttings at different planting dates

Treatment	Days to sprouting	Sprouting percent	Survival percent	Shoots per cutting
T1	6.63	61.35	26.35	1.00
T2	4.74	5.24	32.79	0.94
T3	5.58	8.91	0.00	0.00
SEm±	0.05	0.12	0.12	0.02
C.D. (5%)	0.15	0.35	0.36	0.05
R1	5.78	21.78	42.55	0.88
R2	6.49	25.00	13.02	0.91
R3	4.21	23.67	15.82	0.84
R4	6.11	30.22	8.53	0.89
SEm±	0.06	0.14	0.14	0.02
C.D. (5%)	0.17	0.40	0.41	0.06
T1R1	7.03	54.67	27.17	1.00
T1R2	6.27	54.77	18.13	1.00
T1R3	5.00	65.50	46.00	1.00
T1R4	8.20	70.47	14.10	1.00
T2R1	5.07	5.17	99.67	1.00
T2R2	7.10	10.17	20.13	1.00
T2R3	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
T2R4	6.10	4.97	10.67	1.00
T3R1	5.23	5.50	0.00	0.00
T3R2	6.10	10.07	0.00	0.00
T3R3	6.93	4.83	0.00	0.00
T3R4	4.03	15.23	0.00	0.00
SEm±	0.10	0.24	0.24	0.03
C.D. (5%)	0.30	0.70	0.71	0.10

T₁-Last week of June ; T₂-Last week of July; T₃-Last week of August ; R₁– Canadian peat moss, sterilized river sand and soil (1:1:1); R₂– Fermented pine bark and sterilized river sand (Bark mix) (1:1); R₃– Soil and sterilized river sand (2:1) ; R₄– Soil (Control).

Table 2: Effect of rooting media on shoot and root traits in phalsa cuttings at different planting dates 

Treatment	Shoot fresh weight (g)	Shoot dry weight (g)	Leaves per cutting	Roots per cutting	Root length (cm)
T1	0.94	0.42	6.92	6.83	20.41
T2	0.63	0.21	3.42	3.52	11.25
T3	0.00	0	0.00	0.00	0.00
SEm±	0.01	0.05	0.09	0.24	0.25
C.D. (5%)	0.04	0.16	0.27	0.69	0.74
R1	1.03	0.60	2.96	4.14	6.51
R2	0.67	0.38	4.83	4.05	10.79
R3	0.83	0.44	2.88	2.59	8.48
R4	0.54	0.27	4.11	4.02	17.39
SEm±	0.02	0.06	0.11	0.27	0.29
C.D. (5%)	0.05	0.19	0.31	0.80	0.86
T1R1	1.24	0.36	5.13	7.33	10.27
T1R2	0.76	0.31	8.83	6.67	18.57
T1R3	1.18	0.34	7.07	6.33	23.90
T1R4	0.58	0.18	6.63	7.00	28.90
T2R1	1.12	0.37	2.90	4.33	8.50
T2R2	0.45	0.15	5.03	4.67	13.13
T2R3	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
T2R4	0.29	0.11	4.97	4.33	22.53
T3R1	0.00	0	0.00	0.00	0.00
T3R2	0.00	0	0.00	0.00	0.00
T3R3	0.00	0	0.00	0.00	0.00
T3R4	0.00	0	0.00	0.00	0.00
SEm±	0.03	0.11	0.19	0.47	0.51
C.D. (5%)	0.08	0.07	0.30	1.38	1.49

T₁-Last week of June ; T₂-Last week of July; T₃-Last week of August ; R₁– Canadian peat moss, sterilized river sand and soil (1:1:1); R₂– Fermented pine bark and sterilized river sand (Bark mix) (1:1); R₃– Soil and sterilized river sand (2:1) ; R₄– Soil (Control).   

Figure 1: Shoot formation in plants under various rooting media planted on last week of June. Click here to view Figure

Conclusion

The present research study provides preliminary  results concerning  growth   of  phalsa  cuttings in different rooting media at various time intervals. Our findings suggest to multiply phalsa through cuttings at the last week of June. However, a declining trend in the vegetative growth was observed over time, more probably due to the change in climatic conditions. The outcomes suggest the soil to be a good option when mixed with other rooting media. Due to the differences in rooting success as affected by the rooting media and planting dates it is therefore recommended that rooting of the cuttings be optimized under both the factors before commercialization which needs further studies.

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to the Department of Horticulture, Khalsa College, Amritsar, India for the help and support rendered.

Funding Sources

The authors received no financial support for this research. 

Conflict of Interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interest. 

Data Availability Statement

This statement does not apply to this article. 

Ethics Approval Statement

This research did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any material that requires ethical approval.

Informed Consent Statement

This study did not involve human participants, and therefore, informed consent was not required.

Permission to reproduce material from other Sources

Not Applicable

Author,s Contribution

Amarjeet Kaur: Conceptualization of research work and Designing of work, Preparation of manuscript.

Krishankant Malgotra: Execution of field/Lab experiments and execution of data.

Amarjeet Kaur and Krishankant Malgotra: Analysis of data and interpretation Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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