Yield Response Factor for Onion (Allium Cepa L) Crop Under Deficit Irrigation in Semiarid Tropics of Maharashtra

R. G. Bhagyawant1*, S. D. Gorantiwar2, S. D. Dahiwalkar2

1Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, Ambajogai

2Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr.A.S. CAE, M.P.K.V, Rahuri.

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.3.2.06

Article Publishing History

Received: 21 Sept 2014
Accepted: 29 Oct 2015
Published Online: 30/10/2015

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Abstract:

The present study deals with the study of yield response factor (Ky) for onion crop cultivated under deficit irrigation for Rahuri region (Maharashra). The field experiment was conducted to determine the yield response factor of the onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. N-2-4-1 crop under the deficit irrigation approach during summer season of 2012 and 2013 at Instructional Farm of the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Annasaheb  Shinde College of Agricultural Engineering, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Rahuri. Experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 27 treatments and two replications based on different combinations of the quantity of water stress during different crop growth stages.  Water applied per irrigation and soil moisture contents before and after irrigation were monitored throughout the season, while onion bulbs were harvested at the end of season and weighed. Average daily crop water use (crop consumptive use) were estimated from the soil moisture content using the soil moisture depletion method. The seasonal yield response factor (Ky) was obtained by relating relative yield decreases to relative crop water use deficit by the regression analysis. The relative yield decreases of the onion crop were proportionally greater with increase in evapotranspiration deficit. It shows the response of yield with respect to the decrease in water consumption. In other words, it explains the decrease in yield caused by the per unit decrease in water consumption. Seasonal crop response factor for onion crop was determined as 1.58, 1.48 and 1.54 during 2012, 2013 and average of both year (2012 &2013) respectively. The yield response factors developed in this study could be used in irrigation design and scheduling for onion in the study area.

Keywords:

Onion; Deficit Irrigation; Crop Coefficient (Kc); Yield Response Factor (Ky); Crop Water Use

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Bhagyawant R. G, Gorantiwar S. D, Dahiwalkar S. D. Yield Response Factor for Onion (Allium Cepa L) Crop Under Deficit Irrigation in Semiarid Tropics of Maharashtra. Curr Agri Res 2015;3(2). doi : http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.3.2.06

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Bhagyawant R. G, Gorantiwar S. D, Dahiwalkar S. D. Yield Response Factor for Onion (Allium Cepa L) Crop Under Deficit Irrigation in Semiarid Tropics of Maharashtra. Curr Agri Res 2015;3(2). Available from: http://www.agriculturejournal.org/?p=1549


Introduction

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the important vegetable crops commercially grown in India.India is the second largest producer of onion in the world, next only to China. The total area under onion in India is 1064000 ha and the total production is 15118000 MT. India accounts for 26.8 per cent the total area and 19.9 per cent the total production of the world. The average productivity of the world is 19.1 MT/ha while India being the second major onion producing country in the world has a productivity of 14.2 MT/ha (Source FAO Website: March 2012 and Indian Horticulture Database 2011). Maharashtra is the leading onion grower and producer state in the country which accounts 39 per cent of the total area and 32.5 per cent national production followed by Karnataka, Gujarat etc. The area under onion in Maharashtra is 415000 ha and the onion production is 4905000 MT. In India per hectare yield is highest in Gujarat (24.4 MT/ha) followed by Haryana (20.5 MT/ha), Bihar (20.3 MT/ha), Madhya Pradesh (17.5 MT/ha) whereas, in Maharashtra it is 11.8 MT/ha. (Source FAO Website: March 2012 and Indian Horticulture Database 2011).

Abiotic stresses can directly or indirectly affect the physiological status of an organism by altering its metabolism, growth and development and adversely affect the agricultural productivity (Bartles and Sunkar 2005, Vibhuti et al., 2015, Shahi et al., 2015a). Water is the main limiting factor for production of many crops including onion in the arid and semiarid regions. Fresh and dry mass production of crop may reduce due to the adverse effect of water stress (Shahi et al., 2015b). When water resources are scarce, deficit irrigation is one way of maximizing water use efficiency (Bekele and Tilahun 2007).Deficit irrigation is the practice of irrigating crops deliberately below their water requirements. Such practice is aimed at minimizing water applied to the crop so as to maximize crop yield per unit of water applied. This may however lower the yield per unit area. Many research works have been carried out to study the consequences of deficit irrigation on onion crop (Olalla et al., 1994; Gorantiwar and Smout.,2003; Pelter et al., 2004; Mermoud et al., 2005; Bekele and Tilahum, 2007; Ouda et al., 2010; and Pejić et al., 2011).

A research gap in the region where onion is produced in Maharashtra is the knowledge of water requirement of the onion crop under deficit irrigation. Moreover, the consequences of deficit irrigation regimes are yet to be fully understood. Two key parameters commonly required in determining crop water requirement and predictions of yield-water response to deficit irrigation are crop coefficient (Kc) and yield response factor (Ky). The yield response factor (Ky) is ratio of relative yield reduction to relative evapotranspiration deficit. It is the factor that integrates the weather, crop and soil conditions that make crop yield less than its potential yield in the case of deficit evapotranspiration. The yield response factor Ky is commonly required as input data in some empirical water production functions like (Jensen, 1968) and (Stewart et al., 1977) to predict crop yield response to water.

In order to determine the yield response factor of onion crop for Rahuri region (Maharashtra) the present study was carried out by raising the onion crop under different regimes of deficit irrigation approach. It is anticipated that the information generated in this study will be useful for developing crop water requirements for irrigated onion under deficit irrigation regimes and for the overall improvement of irrigation water management for onion in the study area.

Materials and Methods

The field experiment to determine the yield response factor of the onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. N-2-4-1 crop under the deficit irrigation approach was conducted during summer season of 2012 at Instructional Farm of the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Annasaheb  Shinde College of Agricultural Engineering, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. Experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 27 treatments and two replications based on different combinations of the quantity of water stress days (no stress- (0.00S), 20% stress- (0.20S) and 40% stress- (0.40S) during different crop growth stages vegetative Stage (VS) – up to 50 days , bulb development stage (BDS) – 50 to 75 days and  bulb enlargement stage (BES) – 75 to 100.The different combinations of the treatments are :

T1    VS-0.00S,BDS-0.00S,BES-0.00S ,        T2.    VS-0.00S,BDS-0.00S,BES-0.20S

T3.    VS-0.00S,BDS-0.00S,BES-0.40S ,       T4 .    VS-0.00S,BDS-0.20S,BES-0.00S

T5.    VS-0.00S,BDS-0.20S,BES-0.20S ,       T6      VS-0.00S,BDS-0.20S,BES-0.40S

T7 .  VS-0.00S,BDS-0.40S,BES-0.00S  ,       T8 .  VS-0.00S,BDS-0.40S,BES-0.20S

T9 .  VS-0.00S,BDS-0.40S,BES-0.40S  ,      T10 .  VS-0.20S,BDS-0.00S,BES-0.00S

T11 .  VS-0.20S,BDS-0.00S,BES-0.20S ,    T12 .  VS-0.20S,BDS-0.00S,BES-0.40S

T13 .  VS-0.20S,BDS-0.20S,BES-0.00S ,    T14 .  VS-0.20S,BDS-0.20S,BES-0.20S

T15 .  VS-0.20S,BDS-0.20S,BES-0.40S,      T16 .  VS-0.20S,BDS-0.40S,BES-0.00S

T17 .  VS-0.20S,BDS-0.40S,BES-0.20S,      T18 .  VS-0.20S,BDS-0.40S,BES-0.40S

T19 .  VS-0.40S,BDS-0.00S,BES-0.00S,      T20   VS-0.40S,BDS-0.00S,BES-0.20S

T21 . VS-0.40S,BDS-0.00S,BES-0.40S,       T22 .  VS-0.40S,BDS-0.20S,BES-0.00S

T23  .VS-0.40S,BDS-0.20S,BES-0.20S,       T24 .  VS-0.40S,BDS-0.20S,BES-0.40S

T25 .  VS-0.40S,BDS-0.40S,BES-0.00S,       T26 .  VS-0.40S,BDS-0.40S,BES-0.20S

T27.  VS-0.40S,BDS-0.40S,BES-0.40S

The 27 treatments were replicated two times, making a total of 54 plots and two additional plots were worked for onion root study. The gross size of experimental site was 46m x 40m and net plot size was 4m x 4m. The blocks were separated by a distance of 2 m., while the basins in each block were separated by a distance of 1.5 m which serves as buffer to minimize lateral movement of water from one basin to another. The irrigations were scheduled at every growth stage of onion crop. The quantities of water were applied according to the treatments. There was no rainfall during period of experimentation. The depth of water to be applied during  each irrigation was calculated according to the following formula.

formula1

 

Where,

FC        = field capacity, %

MC       = moisture content at the time of irrigation, %

BD       = bulk density of soil, g/cc

D          = effective root zone depth, cm

Irrigations were scheduled at every growth stage of onion crop as per stress underlined in each treatment. The stress was estimated from the moisture content stress in the rootzone. The depths of irrigation water were applied according to the treatments.

The yield response factor was computed using the Doorenbos and Kassam (1979) equation re-arranged as,

formula2

 

Where

Ya   =     actual yield (t/ha),

Ym  =     maximum yield (t/ha),

Eta  =     actual evapotranspiration (mm)

ETm =    maximum evapotranspiration (mm).

Ky    =    yield response factor of onion to deficit irrigation.

The values of yield response factor, Ky, was estimated by the regression analysis.

Results and Discussion

Crop water use

Number of irrigations and gross depth of irrigation water applied to each treatment are given in Table1.

Table 1

Sr.No

Irrigation Treatment

Number of  irrigations

Total depth of irrigation water applied (mm)

2012

20013

1

T1

13

529

556

2

T2

13

504

515

3

T3

13

469

489

4

T4

13

512

505

5

T5

13

485

485

6

T6

13

481

476

7

T7

13

468

491

8

T8

13

478

472

9

T9

13

445

442

10

T10

13

484

499

11

T11

13

454

467

12

T12

13

446

446

13

T13

13

445

468

14

T14

13

460

478

15

T15

13

440

436

16

T16

13

431

447

17

T17

13

405

417

18

T18

13

404

418

19

T19

13

456

443

20

T20

13

455

442

21

T21

13

400

407

22

T22

13

427

436

23

T23

13

398

405

24

T24

13

378

384

25

T25

13

405

412

26

T26

13

373

379

27

T27

13

358

363

 

Onion yield as influenced by water stress

The mean pooled onion yield for two two season  for all the treatments are given in Table 2. The yield data were analyzed statistically for randomized block design. The yields were statistically significant. The mean yields along with CD at 5 % are presented in Table2.

Table 4.6: Mean onin yield for different treatments during 2012 and 2013.

Table 2

 

Sr. No.

 

Treatment

2012

2013

Mean yield (kg/ha)

Decrease in yield (%)

Mean yield (%)

Mean yield (kg/ha

Decrease in yield (%)

Mean yield (%)

1

T1

42.52

100.00

43.26

100.00

2

T2

38.55

9.32

90.67

37.66

12.93

87.06

3

T3

37.22

12.46

87.53

35.61

17.68

82.31

4

T4

42.36

0.36

99.63

40.91

5.42

94.57

5

T5

35.85

15.67

84.32

32.73

24.35

75.65

6

T6

30.69

27.79

72.20

27.56

36.28

63.71

7

T7

30.41

28.48

71.51

29.96

30.75

69.25

8

T8

28.91

32.00

67.99

28.78

33.47

66.52

9

T9

26.90

36.73

63.26

24.14

44.19

55.80

10

T10

38.49

9.43

90.52

31.28

27.69

72.30

11

T11

36.32

14.55

85.44

32.48

24.91

75.08

12

T12

32.05

24.62

75.37

29.81

31.09

68.90

13

T13

29.05

31.67

68.32

30.50

29.48

70.51

14

T14

25.92

39.02

60.97

26.07

39.73

60.27

15

T15

28.32

33.37

66.62

25.39

41.30

58.69

16

T16

30.57

28.09

71.90

26.98

37.63

62.36

17

T17

26.83

36.88

63.11

29.893

30.90

69.09

18

T18

27.12

36.22

63.77

29.06

32.82

67.17

19

T19

31.74

25.34

74.65

28.12

34.99

65.00

20

T20

34.64

18.51

81.48

32.12

25.74

74.25

21

T21

32.71

23.06

76.93

28.75

33.53

66.46

22

T22

28.81

32.24

67.75

27.76

35.81

64.18

23

T23

26.66

37.28

62.71

25.97

39.96

60.03

24

T24

24.47

42.44

57.55

21.75

49.71

50.28

25

T25

22.9

46.14

53.85

24.86

42.52

57.47

26

T26

22.27

47.61

52.38

22.44

48.12

51.87

27

T27

21.35

49.78

50.21

19.78

54.27

45.72

CD at 5%

4.298

2.440

 

It is observed from  above table  that the higher yields are observed in trématent T1 (0% stress at vegetative stage,bulb development stage and bulb enlargement stage)   followed by T4, T3, T10, T11, T5, T20, T21, T12, T19, T6, T16, T7, T13, T8, T22, T15, T18, T9, T17, T18, T23, T14, T24, T25, T26 and T27. The onion yields are lowest for T27 (40% stress at vegetative stage, bulb development stage and bulb enlargement stage). However, the yields of treatments T1 and T4, T2, T3 and T10 are at par. The yields of treatments T5, T11,  and T20 are at par. The yields of treatments T6, T7 and T16 are at par. The yields of treatments T8, T13, T15 and T22 are at par. The yields of treatments T15, T8, T14, and T22 are at par. The yields of treatmentsT9, T17, T23 and T24 are at par. Statistically shows that the vegetative stage of the onion crop with no water stress gives higher onion yield at C.D.5%.Thus, the onion yields are higher with less water stress and reduce with increase in water stress.

Yield response factor (Ky)

Table 3, 4 and 5 shows the relative decreases in seasonal crop water use and bulb yield for 2012, 2013 season and average of two seasons. Yield response factor (Ky) indicates a linear relationship between the decrease in relative water consumption and the decrease in relative yield. It shows the response of yield with respect to the decrease in water consumption. In other words, it explains the decrease in yield caused by the per unit decrease in water consumption. Hence the regression analysis was used to find the value of Ky.

Table 3:  Relationship between the decrease in relative water use and decrease in relative yield for onion during 2012 season.

Treatment

ETa

ETm

Ya

Ym

1-ETa/ETm

1-Ya/Ym

T1

529

529

42.518

42.518

0

0

T2

504

529

38.554

42.518

0.047

0.093

T3

469

529

37.218

42.518

0.113

0.124

T4

512

529

42.364

42.518

0.032

0.003

T5

485

529

35.855

42.518

0.083

0.156

T6

481

529

35.48

42.518

0.090

0.165

T7

468

529

32.942

42.518

0.115

0.225

T8

478

529

35.087

42.518

0.096

0.174

T9

445

529

26.901

42.518

0.158

0.367

T10

484

529

38.49

42.518

0.085

0.094

T11

454

529

36.328

42.518

0.141

0.145

T12

446

529

32.049

42.518

0.156

0.246

T13

445

529

29.049

42.518

0.158

0.316

T14

460

529

33.181

42.518

0.130

0.219

T15

440

529

28.327

42.518

0.168

0.333

T16

431

529

30.574

42.518

0.185

0.280

T17

405

529

26.833

42.518

0.234

0.368

T18

404

529

27.115

42.518

0.236

0.362

T19

456

529

31.742

42.518

0.137

0.253

T20

455

529

34.645

42.518

0.139

0.185

T21

400

529

32.71

42.518

0.243

0.230

T22

427

529

28.807

42.518

0.192

0.322

T23

398

529

26.664

42.518

0.247

0.372

T24

378

529

24.471

42.518

0.285

0.424

T25

405

529

22.899

42.518

0.234

0.461

T26

373

529

22.273

42.518

0.294

0.476

T27

358

529

21.349

42.518

0.324

0.497

 

 Figure1. The relation between reduction in relative onion yield to reduction in relative evapotranspiration (2012)

Figure 1: The relation between reduction in relative onion yield to reduction in relative evapotranspiration (2012)

Click here to View figure

 

Table 4: Relationship between the decrease in relative water use and decrease in relative yield for onion during 2013 season.

Treatment

ETa

ETm

Ya

Ym

1-ETa/ETm

1-Ya/Ym

T1

556

556

43

43

0

0

T2

515

556

40

43

0.073

0.070

T3

489

556

36

43

0.120

0.172

T4

505

556

41

43

0.091

0.048

T5

485

556

34

43

0.127

0.202

T6

476

556

33

43

0.145

0.222

T7

491

556

35

43

0.117

0.177

T8

472

556

33

43

0.151

0.243

T9

442

556

29

43

0.205

0.315

T10

499

556

38

43

0.103

0.126

T11

467

556

32

43

0.161

0.245

T12

446

556

30

43

0.198

0.307

T13

467

556

31

43

0.159

0.290

T14

478

556

33

43

0.141

0.224

T15

436

556

30

43

0.216

0.310

T16

447

556

29

43

0.197

0.334

T17

417

556

30

43

0.251

0.305

T18

418

556

29

43

0.249

0.324

T19

443

556

28

43

0.204

0.346

T20

442

556

32

43

0.206

0.253

T21

407

556

29

43

0.268

0.331

T22

436

556

28

43

0.215

0.354

T23

405

556

26

43

0.272

0.396

T24

384

556

22

43

0.309

0.494

T25

412

556

25

43

0.259

0.422

T26

379

556

22

43

0.319

0.478

T27

363

556

20

43

0.347

0.540

 

Figure2. The relation between reduction in relative onion yield to reduction in relative evapotranspiration (2013)

Figure 2: The relation between reduction in relative onion yield to reduction in relative evapotranspiration (2013)

Click here to View figure

 

Table 5: Average relationship between the decrease in relative water use and decrease in    relative yield for onion during 2012 and 2013 season.

Treatment

ETa

ETm

Ya

Ym

1-ETa/ETm

1-Ya/Ym

T1

543

543

43

43

0.001

0.006

T2

510

543

39

43

0.062

0.087

T3

479

543

37

43

0.118

0.149

T4

509

543

42

43

0.064

0.031

T5

485

543

35

43

0.107

0.188

T6

479

543

34

43

0.119

0.204

T7

480

543

34

43

0.117

0.210

T8

475

543

34

43

0.125

0.208

T9

444

543

28

43

0.183

0.350

T10

492

543

38

43

0.095

0.111

T11

461

543

34

43

0.152

0.205

T12

446

543

31

43

0.179

0.279

T13

456

543

30

43

0.160

0.302

T14

469

543

33

43

0.136

0.230

T15

438

543

29

43

0.193

0.322

T16

439

543

30

43

0.192

0.307

T17

411

543

28

43

0.243

0.339

T18

411

543

28

43

0.243

0.348

T19

450

543

30

43

0.172

0.305

T20

449

543

33

43

0.174

0.225

T21

404

543

31

43

0.257

0.282

T22

432

543

28

43

0.205

0.339

T23

402

543

26

43

0.261

0.388

T24

381

543

23

43

0.298

0.460

T25

409

543

24

43

0.248

0.443

T26

376

543

22

43

0.308

0.485

T27

361

543

21

43

0.336

0.519

 

Figure 3. The relation between reduction in relative onion yield to reduction in relative evapotranspiration (average).

Figure 3: The relation between reduction in relative onion yield to reduction in relative evapotranspiration (average).

Click here to View figure

 

Crop yield response factor (Ky) indicates a linear relationship between the decrease in relative water consumption and the decrease in relative yield. It shows the response of yield with respect to the decrease in water consumption. In other words, it explains the decrease in yield caused by the per unit decrease in water consumption.

The moisture content observations during 2012 and 2013 were recorded before irrigation, after irrigation and during irrigation period for all the treatments for the purpose of computing the actual evapotranspiration. The treatment T1 was treatment without water stress and hence actual evapotranspiration of treatment T1 was considered as maximum crop evapotranspiration. The maximum crop evapotranspiration during 2012 and 2013 and average of 2012 and 2013 were computed. These are 529, 556 and 543 mm for 2012, 2013 and average of 2012 and 2013 respectively. The treatments T2 to T27 were treatments with some stress. The values of actual evapotranspiration along with maximum onion evapotranspiration are presented in Tables 3,4 and 5. These tables show the relative decreases in seasonal crop water use and bulb yield for onion crop during 2012 and 2013 seasons and average of two seasons.

The relationship between relative yield reduction and relative evapotranspiration deficit for onion yield is shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3. The yield response factor (Ky) for onion in 2012, 2013 and average of 2012 & 2013 by regression analysis was found to be 1.58, 1.48 and 1.54 for whole growing season. Result obtained was in agreement with those reported by Doorenbos and Kassam (1986). They reported that seasonal yield response factor (Ky) value of 1.50 for onion during the whole growing season. Generally, higher Ky values indicate that the crop will have a greater yield loss when the crop water requirements are not met. This result indicated a high impact of soil-water stress treatment on the onion yield. Therefore, water management of onion is extremely important at all stages of plant growth.

Conclusion

  • The results indicated a high impact of soil-water stress treatments on the onions yield.
  • The crop water use of the onion crop decreased with increase in irrigation deficit.
  • The yield response factor (Ky) for onion in semi arid tropics of  Maharashtra was found to be 1.54 for whole  growing season.

References

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