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Study of Per Se Performance and Heterosis for Seed Yield and Component Traits in Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.)

B.B. Chauhan1, R. A. Gami2*, K. P. Prajapati3, J. R. Patel3, R.N. Patel4

1Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CPCA, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat

2Sorghum Research Station, S.D. Agricultural University, Deesa-385 535, Gujarat

3Castor-Mustard Research Station, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506, Gujarat

4Potato Research Station, S.D. Agricultural University, Deesa-385 535, Gujarat

Corresponding Author E-mail: ramangami@gmail.com

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.7.3.16

Article Publishing History

Received: 15-06-2019
Accepted: 04-12-2019
Published Online: 10-12-2019

Review Details

Plagiarism Check: Yes
Reviewed by: Abhinandan Patil
Second Review by: Bachubhai Monpara
Final Approval by: Dr. Avtar Singh Bimbraw

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Abstract:

The phenomenon of heterosis has provided the most important genetic tools in improving yield of crop plants. Identification of specific parental combination capable of producing the highest level of heterotic effects in F1 has immense value for commercial exploitation of heterosis. The experimental material consisted of eight parents (including check G.TIL 4) and their 28 half-diallel crosses. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences due to genotypes for all the traits. On the basis of mean values, the parents G.TIL 10, G.TIL 4 and SKT 1607 recorded maximum seed yield per plant. G.TIL 10 was top ranking for number of effective branches per plant. This parental genotype also expressed good performance for various yield components, viz., number of seed per capsule, harvest index (%) and oil content (%).The parent SKT 1608 found better for earliness, dwarfness and 1000 seed weight (g). While in case of hybrids, SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2, SKT 1608 × G.TIL 2 and SKT 1607 × G.TIL 2 were the best for seed yield per plant. Among the 28 F1 hybrids, SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2 and SKT 1608 × G.TIL 2 manifested significant positive heterosis for seed yield per plant over better parent and standard check (G.TIL 4) These two crosses also exhibited either of the significant positive heterosis for various component traits viz., plant height (cm), capsule length (cm), number of seed per capsule, harvest index (%), 1000 seed weight (g), oil content (%) and leaf area per plant (cm2).

Keywords:

Sesame; Per Se Performance; Heterobeltiosis; Standard Heterosis; Seed Yield Per Plant

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Chauhan B. B, Gami R. A, Prajapati K. P, Patel J. R, Patel R. N. Study of Per Se Performance and Heterosis for Seed Yield and Component Traits in Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.). Curr Agri Res 2019;7(3). doi : http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.7.3.16

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Chauhan B. B, Gami R. A, Prajapati K. P, Patel J. R, Patel R. N. Study of Per Se Performance and Heterosis for Seed Yield and Component Traits in Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.). Curr Agri Res 2019;7(3). Available from: https://bit.ly/2LG7GWT

Introduction

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.; 2n = 2x = 26) globally known as ‘sesame’, in India it is commonly known as ‘Til’ belongs to order Lamiales and family Pedaliaceae. A total 36 species have been identified in the genus, of which 22 species are from Africa, five from Asia, seven from both Africa and Asia and one species each from Crete and Brazil. There are three cytogenetic groups of which 2n = 26 consist of the cultivated S. indicum along with S. alatum, S. capense, S. schenckii, S. malabaricum; 2n = 32 consist of S. prostrate, S. laciniatum, S. angolense, S. angustifolium; while S. radiatum, S. occidentale and S. schinzianum belong to 2n = 64 group1. Among the cultivated group of species, the S. indicum is widely cultivated at globally. It is one of the oldest and most important traditional oilseed crops of the world. Sesame is called as the “Queen of oilseeds”. Sesame seeds have nutritional as well as medicinal value due to rich in protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, vitamins E, A and B complex and minerals viz., calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, magnesium, zinc and potassium with high-unsaturated fatty acid (linolenic and tochopherol). Sesame is an important source of high quality oil and protein.2 The seeds are chemically composed of about 40-52 per cent oil, 20-27 per cent protein, 6-7 per cent moisture, 16 per cent carbohydrate and 6-8 per cent crude fiber. The oil consist of glycerides and fatty acid constituents chiefly oleic (40-48%), linolenic (30-45%), palmitic (8-10%) and stearic (4-8%). amino acids viz., argenine (12.5%), histidine (2.1%), lysine (2.9%), phenylalanine (6.2%), methionine (3.3%), leucine (8.9%), isolencine (3.9%), valine (3.5%) and threonine (3.6%) are commonly found in the sesame seed. In India, sesame is one of the most important oil seed crops grown after groundnut, rapeseed and mustard. It is cultivated in an area of 13.98 lakh hectares in India with an annual production of 4.18 lakh tonnes and productivity of 291 kg ha-1, While in Gujarat an estimated area is 1.09 lakh ha with annual production of 0.78 lakh tonnes and productivity of 723 kg/ha.3

Heterosis breeding has been a potential method of increasing yield in most of the cross as well as self fertilizing crops. Heterosis study provides information about probable gene action and helps in sorting out desirable genotypes. Hybridization in sesame for creation of variability has been recognized as a practical tool for improving yield and other important traits. For developing promising varieties through hybridization, a careful choice of parents and breeding methodology are a matter of great concern to the plant breeder.

Material and Methods

The experimental material comprised of eight parents (including check G.TIL 4) and their 28 half-diallel crosses. The 8 × 7 half diallel crosses were made during kharif–2017 at Castor-Mustard Research Station, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar by manual crossing. The seeds of parental lines were maintained through selfing. A set of 36 genotypes comprising of eight parents (including check G.TIL 4) and their 28 F1 hybrids were sown in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications, during kharif–2018. Each entry was sown in two rows of 3.0 m in length 45 × 15 cm spacing. The recommended agronomical practices and plant protection measures were adopted for raising a good crop. The observations were recorded both as visual assessment (days to flowering and days to maturity) and measurement on randomly selected five competitive individual plants (plant height, number of effective branch per plant, number of capsule per plant, capsule length, number of seed per capsule, 1000 seed weight, seed yield per plant, harvest index (%) and oil content (%). The replication wise mean values of each entry for the twelve traits were analyzed according to Randomized Block Design (RBD)4 and estimation of heterobeltiosis5 and economic heterosis.6 The replicated mean data were analyzed statistically using the software WINDOSTAT version 8.1.

Results and Discussion

The analysis of variance from the mean data (Table 1) revealed highly significant differences due to genotypes for all the traits. This suggest that parents and their hybrids under study possessed a sufficiently high amount of genetic variability. Further, partitioning of mean sum of square due to genotypes implied that the differences among parents were significant for all the traits excluding harvest index (%). The significant differences among parents showed greater diversity in the parental lines. In case of hybrids, significant differences were found for all the traits except days to maturity indicating varying performance of cross combinations. Mean sum of squares due to parents Vs hybrids were significant for all the traits exclusive of days to maturity, number of capsule per plant and seed yield per plant (g), which explained sufficient amount of heterosis was reflected in crosses for many of the yield attributing traits.

The mean performance of parents revealed that the parent G.TIL 10 was top ranking for seed yield per plant (g) and the number of effective branch per plant. This parental genotype also expressed good performance for various yield components, viz., number of seed per capsule, harvest index (%) and oil content (%). The parent SKT 1608 was found better for earliness, dwarfness and 1000 seed weight (g) (Table 2). The mean performance of hybrids disclosed that none of the hybrids were found superior for all the traits. The hybrid SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2, SKT 1608 × G.TIL 2 and SKT 1607 × G.TIL 2 recorded maximum seed yield per plant. (Table 2).

The data furnished in Table 3 implied that out of 28 F1 hybrids, 3 and 10 F1 hybrids registered significant and positive heterosis over better parent and standard check (G.TIL 4) for seed yield per plant (g). The cross SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2 recorded top ranking heterosis over better parent (38.76%) and standard parent (57.65 %). The range of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis varied from -34.39 per cent (SKT 1607 × SKT 12-2) to 38.76 per cent (SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2) and -22.39 per cent (SKT 1607 × SKT 12-2) to 57.65 per cent (SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2), respectively. Previous workers also reported low to moderate estimates of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 and 18. A comparative study of best heterotic hybrids showed that for seed yield per plant (Table 4), F1 hybrids SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2 and SKT 1608 × G.TIL 2 manifested significant positive heterosis over both better parent and standard check or alone better or standard parent for various component traits viz., plant height (cm), capsule length, number of seed per capsule, harvest index, 1000 seed weight and oil content. The significant and desirable useful heterosis (Heterobeltiosis) and standard heterosis for components were also reported for different traits in sesame.19, 20, 21, 22, 23,24,25,26 and 27

Table 1: Analysis of variance (mean sum of square) for the experimental design of twelve traits in sesame

Sources of variation d.f. Days to flowering Days to maturity Plant height Number of effective branch per plant Number of capsule per plant Capsule length Number of seed per capsule 1000 seed weight  Seed yield per plant  Harvest index  Oil content 
Replications 2 0.56 1.44  143.59 0.56 37.39 0.03*  2.06 0.00  5.90  9.41 0.05
Genotypes 35 14.28** 3.99** 246.26** 0.95** 223.06** 0.10** 165.19** 0.42**  17.59**  25.11** 32.43**
Parents 7 26.99** 11.23** 343.21** 1.31** 290.68** 0.23** 234.32** 0.48**  8.35*  3.02 63.09**
Hybrids 27 8.11** 2.18 221.54** 0.78** 211.20** 0.07** 147.38** 0.39**  20.38** 31.15** 24.62**
Parents Vs Hybrids 1 92.02** 2.15 234.93* 2.97** 70.03 0.13** 162.00** 0.68** 7.08 16.74* 28.45**
Error 70 1.74 1.59 57.24 0.25 53.13 0.01  0.80  0.00 3.06  3.69  0.26
* P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01

 

Table 2: Mean performance of the parents and their F1 hybrids for twelve traits in sesame for various traits

Sr. No. Parents/hybrids Days to flowering Days to maturity Plant height (cm) Number of effective branch per plant Number of capsule per plant Capsule length (cm)
Parent:
1. SKT 1602 46.33 92.67 110.67 3.07 36.53 3.39
2. SKT 1604 45.67 90.67 111.00 3.33 46.73 2.88
3. SKT 1607 48.00 93.33 137.67 4.20 57.67 2.71
4. SKT 1608 42.67 90.00 111.33 3.53 56.53 2.58
5. SKT 12-2 48.33 93.67 121.33 4.27 67.27 2.91
6. G.TIL 2 44.67 91.33 110.33 4.33 65.07 2.64
7. G.TIL 4 43.00 90.00 112.67 3.13 52.47 3.17
8. G.TIL 10 51.67 95.33 131.00 4.87 53.00 2.80
Parental mean 46.29 92.13 118.25 3.84 54.41 2.88
Hybrids:
9. SKT 1602 × SKT 1604 45.33 91.33 117.67 2.93 42.40 3.11
10. SKT 1602 × SKT 1607 44.00 92.00 104.67 3.00 34.13 3.12
11. SKT 1602 × SKT 1608 42.33 92.33 106.00 3.13 63.53 3.24
12. SKT 1602 × SKT 12-2 45.00 93.00 117.00 3.20 45.73 3.01
13. SKT 1602 × G.TIL 2 44.00 91.67 113.33 2.87 44.27 2.80
14. SKT 1602 × G.TIL 4 42.67 91.33 115.00 3.20 47.93 3.20
15. SKT 1602 × G.TIL 10 44.33 92.67 129.00 4.27 56.60 3.05
16. SKT 1604 × SKT 1607 43.67 91.00 117.67 4.20 64.07 2.99
17. SKT 1604 × SKT 1608 42.67 92.00 125.33 3.53 56.47 2.95
18. SKT 1604 × SKT 12-2 45.00 92.67 127.33 2.73 35.40 3.06
19. SKT 1604 × G.TIL 2 44.33 91.33 119.33 3.00 44.47 3.05
20. SKT 1604 × G.TIL 4 46.00 93.00 121.33 3.20 57.93 2.89
21. SKT 1604 × G.TIL 10 48.00 92.67 137.67 4.20 67.07 2.59
22. SKT 1607 × SKT 1608 41.67 92.67 123.00 3.40 53.07 2.99
23. SKT 1607 × SKT 12-2 43.00 92.00 119.67 2.73 41.67 2.82
24. SKT 1607 × G.TIL 2 42.33 92.00 132.67 3.47 57.73 3.02
25. SKT 1607 × G.TIL 4 44.33 93.00 138.67 2.93 54.07 3.17
26. SKT 1607 × G.TIL 10 45.67 93.00 123.33 3.60 56.40 2.82
27. SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2 43.00 92.33 118.00 4.20 60.27 3.13
28. SKT 1608 × G.TIL 2 41.67 91.33 123.33 3.93 57.07 2.94
29. SKT 1608 × G.TIL 4 42.67 92.00 112.33 3.47 49.47 2.87
30. SKT 1608 × G.TIL 10 43.00 92.67 118.67 3.67 56.60 2.87
31. SKT 12-2 × G.TIL 2 46.00 94.00 121.33 2.93 45.27 2.90
32. SKT 12-2 × G.TIL 4 45.33 93.33 115.33 3.47 50.47 2.89
33. SKT 12-2 × G.TIL 10 47.33 94.33 134.67 4.47 57.40 2.91
34. G.TIL 2 × G.TIL 4 44.00 93.00 118.33 3.07 53.27 3.03
35. G.TIL 2 × G.TIL 10 42.00 92.33 125.00 3.67 54.80 2.92
36. G.TIL 4 × G.TIL 10 44.67 94.00 134.67 3.93 61.67 2.72
Hybrid mean 44.07 92.46 121.80 3.44 52.47 2.97
General mean 44.56 92.38 121.00 3.53 52.90 2.95
Range 41.67 to 51.67 90.00 to 95.33 104.67 to 138.67 2.73 to 4.87 34.13 to 67.27 2.58 to 3.39
S.Em± 0.76 0.73 4.37 0.29 4.21 0.05
CD at 5% 2.15 2.05 12.32 0.81 11.87 0.15
CV % 2.96 1.36 6.25 14.03 13.78 3.11
Table 2 conti…
Sr. No. Parents/hybrids Number of seed per capsule 1000 seed weight (g) Seed yield per plant (g) Harvest index (%) Oil Content (%)
Parent:
1. SKT 1602 63.58 4.70 12.25 21.49 40.35
2. SKT 1604 79.29 3.86 15.33 21.09 43.16
3. SKT 1607 72.12 3.71 15.41 21.98 37.01
4. SKT 1608 60.40 3.53 12.04 20.10 39.59
5. SKT 12-2 51.82 4.16 14.80 21.22 47.30
6. G.TIL 2 69.77 3.85 15.66 20.98 42.64
7. G.TIL 4 70.08 3.54 13.03 23.57 39.11
8. G.TIL 10 75.49 3.59 16.35 21.68 31.81
Parental mean 67.82 3.87 14.36 21.51 40.12
Hybrids:
9. SKT 1602 × SKT 1604 71.93 4.59 13.99 20.57 42.69
10. SKT 1602 × SKT 1607 69.44 4.56 11.15 17.27 40.32
11. SKT 1602 × SKT 1608 81.47 4.51 16.31 21.14 38.08
12. SKT 1602 × SKT 12-2 63.51 3.75 11.84 19.72 37.25
13. SKT 1602 × G.TIL 2 87.76 3.65 14.41 23.02 41.80
14. SKT 1602 × G.TIL 4 60.42 4.10 11.90 20.84 42.89
15. SKT 1602 × G.TIL 10 70.49 3.99 16.76 23.41 44.84
16. SKT 1604 × SKT 1607 62.79 4.00 17.93 21.14 45.98
17. SKT 1604 × SKT 1608 68.98 4.14 16.09 25.65 39.05
18. SKT 1604 × SKT 12-2 81.61 3.97 11.79 21.34 40.49
19. SKT 1604 × G.TIL 2 65.83 3.74 10.93 19.30 45.06
20. SKT 1604 × G.TIL 4 71.35 3.73 14.55 20.90 41.03
21. SKT 1604 × G.TIL 10 75.92 3.52 17.90 26.05 41.48
22. SKT 1607 × SKT 1608 71.56 4.19 15.90 26.10 43.32
23. SKT 1607 × SKT 12-2 60.53 4.36 10.11 13.17 38.66
24. SKT 1607 × G.TIL 2 68.95 4.53 18.03 24.83 37.27
25. SKT 1607 × G.TIL 4 78.38 4.48 17.81 21.10 36.40
26. SKT 1607 × G.TIL 10 69.82 3.83 15.10 23.55 43.16
27. SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2 69.51 4.74 20.54 26.83 41.34
28. SKT 1608 × G.TIL 2 77.71 4.31 19.11 27.61 42.27
29. SKT 1608 × G.TIL 4 58.88 4.53 13.88 18.55 40.10
30. SKT 1608 × G.TIL 10 75.06 3.59 15.26 23.29 38.24
31. SKT 12-2 × G.TIL 2 76.08 3.75 14.53 23.19 43.64
32. SKT 12-2 × G.TIL 4 63.28 4.03 13.73 22.87 38.23
33. SKT 12-2 × G.TIL 10 76.15 3.63 15.88 22.91 46.10
34. G.TIL 2 × G.TIL 4 69.33 3.88 14.31 25.85 40.67
35. G.TIL 2 × G.TIL 10 65.24 3.75 13.41 22.21 46.75
36. G.TIL 4 × G.TIL 10 69.49 3.76 16.11 26.47 40.88
Hybrid mean 70.77 4.06 14.97 22.46 41.36
General mean 70.11 4.01 14.84 22.25 41.08
Range 51.82 to 87.76 3.52 to 4.74 10.11 to 20.54 13.17 to 27.61 31.81 to 47.30
S.Em± 0.52 0.02 1.01 1.11 0.29
CD at 5% 1.46 0.05 2.85 3.13 0.83
CV % 1.27 0.74 11.78 8.63 1.24

 

Table 3: Number of hybrids having significant heterotic effect in sesame for various traits

Traits Over better parent Over standard check
+ve -ve Total Range +ve -ve Total Range
Days to flowering 03 05 08 -10.42 to 6.98 07 00 07 -3.10 to 11.63
Days to maturity 10 00 10 -1.43 to 4.44 17 00 17 1.11 to 4.81
Plant height 10 00 10 -5.85 to 24.02 07 00 07 -7.10 to 23.08
Number of effective branch per plant 00 14 14 -35.94 to 2.13 05 00 05 -12.77 to 42.55
Number of capsule per plant 01 08 09 -47.37 to 26.54 01 02 03 -34.94 to 27.83
Capsule length 05 11 16 -17.32 to 11.70 00 17 17 -18.38 to 2.21
Number of seed per plant 07 16 23 -20.82 to 28.13 10 08 18 -15.98 to 25.23
1000 seed weight 11 15 26 -22.47 to 27.97 27 00 27 -0.66 to 33.90
Seed yield per plant 03 06 09 -34.39 to 38.76 10 00 10 -22.39 to 57.65
Harvest index 05 03 08 -40.07 to 31.64 02 05 07 -44.12 to 17.14
Oil content 08 15 23 -21.26 to 16.60 20 06 26 -6.94 to 19.53

 

Table 4: Comparision of top five heterotic crosses in sesame

Sr. No. Hybrids Heterosis over Useful and significant heterobeltiosis / standard heterosis for components
Standard parent Better parent
1. SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2 57.65** (20.54) 38.76** NEB, CL, NSC, TEST, HI, OIL
2. SKT 1608 × G.TIL 2 46.67** (19.11) 20.04** PH, CL, NSC, TEST, HI, OIL
3. SKT 1602 × SKT 1608 25.23** (16.31) 33.13** NSC, TEST
4. SKT 1607 × G.TIL 2 38.43** (18.03) 15.18 DAF, NEB, CL, TEST
5. SKT 1604 × SKT 1607 37.62** (17.93) 16.33 NEB, TEST, OIL

Figure in the parentheses indicated mean performance for seed yield per plant.

* P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01

Where:

DAF : Days to flowering PH : Plant height (cm)
NEB : Number of effective branch per plant CL : Capsule length (cm)
NSC : Number of seed per capsule TEST : 1000 seed weight (g)
HI : Harvest index (%) OIL : Oil content (%)

 

Conclusion

The F1 hybrids SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2 and SKT 1608 × G.TIL 2 manifested significant and desirable heterosis for seed yield and other component traits over better parent and standard check (G.TIL 4). The hybrid SKT 1602 × SKT 1608 showed desirable heterosis for component traits like number of seed per capsuleand 1000 seed weight ; SKT 1607 × G.TIL 2 for days to flowering, number of effective branch per plant, capsule length and 1000 seed weight and SKT 1604 × SKT 1607 for number of effective branch per plant, 1000 seed weight and oil content. Heterosis and per se performance indicated that F1 hybrids SKT 1608 × SKT 12-2 and SKT 1608 × G.TIL 2 were found promising for commercial exploitation.

Acknowledgement

Authors are greatful to S.D. Agricultural University for providing fund under plan scheme (state level). We are also like to thank Research Scientist with all the supporting staff of Castor-Mustard Research Station for their kind support.

Funding

The research was carried out as a part of M.sc (Agri, Plant Breeding & Genetics) programme under S.D.Agricultural University and no funding was received for the same manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interest.

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